Progressive vs Linear Springs

Definition of Progressive vs Linear Springs

Progressive and linear springs are the two basic rate characteristics of a suspension spring. A linear spring has a constant rate, so every extra millimeter of compression needs the same extra force and its load-deflection graph is a straight line. A progressive spring gets stiffer as it compresses.

In a coil spring this usually comes from variable pitch, where closely wound coils touch and stop working as the load rises, or from tapered wire or a conical or barrel shape. Both types sit between the body and the axle or control arm and carry the vehicle's weight. The difference lies in how the force builds as the wheel moves toward full bump.

Why It Matters for Automotive Suspension Parts Manufacturing

A progressive spring gives a soft ride at light load and still resists bottoming when the vehicle is full, so it suits vehicles whose load varies widely. The drawback is less predictable handling, because the rate changes through the travel and the car's balance shifts as it rolls. Dampers are also harder to match to a rate that keeps moving. Coils that close up can clash and wear through their coating, which leads to noise and corrosion. On a leaf spring the same effect comes from a helper leaf that only engages under load.

A linear spring behaves the same way at every point, which makes the car easier to set up and the dampers easier to match. The catch is that it must be stiff enough to avoid bottoming at full load, so the ride at light load is firmer. When you specify a progressive spring, give its load-deflection curve: the initial rate, the final rate and the height at which the change occurs (the transition point). A single spring rate figure does not describe it properly.

FAQ

Why do progressive coil springs sometimes click or knock over bumps?

Coil contact is the usual cause, but confirm it before you replace anything. With the car on the ground, have someone bounce the corner while you listen and feel at the spring, the top mount and the lower seat. Polished or bare patches between the tight coils confirm that the coils are touching. A worn spring seat, a dry top mount bearing or a loose anti-roll bar link makes a similar noise, and each is cheaper to fix than a spring.

Is a progressive or a linear spring the better choice for a lowered car or for track use?

A linear spring is usually the better choice for track use, because a constant rate keeps the handling balance the same at every point in the travel and makes damper tuning far simpler. Many lowering springs for road cars are progressive, which keeps some comfort over small bumps while firming up before the shorter travel runs out. For a road car that is driven hard only occasionally, that compromise is reasonable. If you plan to adjust corner weights or change dampers, it makes sense to start from a linear spring and choose its rate for the load at full bump.

Does a progressive coil spring have to be fitted a particular way up?

Often it does, because the two ends may be wound or ground to suit different spring seats, and some manufacturers place the tight coils at a particular end. It is best to follow the marking on the spring or the drawing, and to check that each end sits fully in its seat before you load the spring.